Defining Heroism - What Makes a True Hero Essay - 857 Words

Heroes, despite their extraneous characteristics, have very similar values to the people that follow them. This point of view can best be explained using three key points of focus. These points are as follows: The similarity of a higher guidance in times of need, the similarity of the code of honor that they live by, and the fact that no matter who the hero is, he or she is under pressure to be a successful role model. The similarity of higher guidance in times of need is the easiest and most direct of all the three factors. Most heroes, but not all, live their lives in allegiance to God or another worshiped figure. Take the story of Beowulf for example. Beowulf was without fear when he faced the monster known as Grendel. This†¦show more content†¦I believe the correct view on the subject is that no matter who you are, you are still God’s love and servant. This unites every class, as long as they chose to believe it. Another communal characteristic of heroes and those who follow them is the fact that everyone lives by a code of honor. Heroes live by a higher code of honor than those who follow them. For heroes, their actions must either all be in accordance with the rules set by their master, or greatly excel the expectations that are held for others. Going out of their way at every possible instance is considered mandatory. The main point of all of this is not that they actually do all these things, but that they proudly enjoy performing the tasks given to them. Everyday people are the same, just less intense. Everyone has a code of honor. Some have a higher level than others. One person may live by a code of honor consisting of no regulations at all. Another could live by the regulations that they can’t go against the bible, can’t break the law, and occasionally have to try to be nice to people. In another case, a person could see the minimum code of conduct in their life bei ng to live their life in the footsteps of God, obey all laws, and do every possible act of humanity and good will that they can. The point is that no matter who the subject is, be it hero or zero, everyone has a code of conduct that they chose to live byShow MoreRelatedJohn Milton s Paradise Lost985 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Milton’s Paradise Lost is a paradox of morality and character definitions. After reading multiple articles, the largest concerning topic was the hero status of an inherently evil character. The issue lies within defining what a hero is and is not in terms of epic poetry. John Milton’s refusal to clarify a hero shows this paradox he has created is a something that he meant to achieve. According to Mary Nyquist in The Father s Word/Satan s Wrath, â€Å"The text seems here not just to invite, butRead MoreOrdinary People: The Heroes Among Us Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesthe status quo and modern definition of a true hero. For decades adolescent chi ldren around the world have been conditioned to mentally define the word hero as it relates to comic characters. Comic publications such as Marvel Comics and competitor D.C. Comics have created cape wielding, web casting, and morphing characters that often transpose the understanding of what makes a true hero. In addition to comics, television has played a part in defining a hero by shows such as; James Cameron’s productionRead MoreHeroic in Paradise Lost by John Lost Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesnamely in the debate surrounding which character is the true hero of the poem. Most critics of the subject have, however, noted that the difficultly in defining the hero of Miltons work is mainly due to our â€Å"vague understanding of what constitutes heroism†1 and the fact that â€Å"the term itself is equivocal†2. The vague terming of what heroism can be defined as it what draws critics to disagree with one another over the nature of heroism, as Charles Martindale points out that there are differentRead MoreDefining Heroes Throughout The Hobbit, Of Mice And Men And I Am Malala887 Words   |  4 PagesDefining a Hero: â€Å"A hero is a person who, in the face of danger and adversity or from a position of weakness, displays courage or self-sacrifice for some greater good.† As one reflects on the basic definition of heroes and the idea of heroism, this basic thought may be used. However, one could consider that there is no one universal definition for what a certain person may believe to be heroic. Looking at different people or characters and their lives, there are various defining aspects that makeRead MoreThe Dark Knight and Defining Evil Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesdefine evil manifests itself in out literature, politics and especially our entertainment. Films like The Dark Knight portray how evil can range from a true hero that is seen as a threat or villain to society to maniac that kills steals and wreaks havoc with no reason, like The Joker. In The Dark Knight Christopher Nolan portrays the difficulty in defining evil and the many forms evil can take in our society through the c omplex relationships between Batman, The Joker and Harvey Dent. William Hart describesRead MoreA Hero As A Hero889 Words   |  4 Pages Anyone can be a hero, even you! A hero does not have to be someone with powers or a costume. A hero is someone or something that you can look up to or admire. All heroes are not perfect, and they can make mistakes as would a regular human. There is a difference though because heroes have the enormous responsibility. They are always being signaled, and they are always expected to do the right thing. Heroes are many times forced to test their character which leads them to realize their potentialRead MoreThe Titular Character Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth1444 Words   |  6 Pagestitular character in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a typical hero who undergoes a series of nasty situations, and gradually loses his humanity in the process. Although he begins the play as a traditional hero, he most certainly does not retain that title towards the end. Over the course of the play, the reader can see Macbeth gradually decline in his mental and emotional state. From the beginning, he is portrayed as a traditional hero, with his courage on the battlefield and his honor at all timesRead MoreOdysseus as an Epic Hero859 Words   |  4 PagesA true epic hero has many very defining characteristics. Usually you will find this hero to be the ‘alpha male. With an almost super hero personality, epic heroes are extremely above an average human being. This character must be of noble birth, and as a result, this gives them great respect and many resources. There is a deep reverence for the gods and this helps the hero through tough times. An epic hero is bravery than the other characters. They are willing to take bigger risks and reap greaterRead MoreMy Father : A Hero Is A Hero1002 Words   |  5 Pagesaspire to be, but easily recognize in others. Wait, how do we define what makes a hero, a hero? A hero is one who is kind, courageous, sma rt, determined and selfless. They often do what is better for the greater good and not themselves. This is seen in both Greek and Modern heroes, whether it is cutting off Medusa’s head or defeating the Riddler, they show these qualities in one way or another. We also see these qualities in parents, true everyday heroes. While they may not have super strength or the abilityRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh: a Hero Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesPeople have been fascinated by tales of heroism for centuries. In ancient Mesopotamia, heroes give people hope and comfort, and fill them with strength. Ancient Mesopotamia is filled with tales of heroes- mighty warriors battling monsters, men ready to risk life and limb to save their true love or to fight for their nation. Still, there is a great difficulty that lies in defining what a hero truly is. Strength alone does not make a hero; nor does intelligence. Moreover, the Epic of Gilgamesh truly

The Problem With Marriage Is Gender Roles. . When It Comes

The Problem With Marriage Is Gender Roles When it comes to communicating with other genders, each gender has their own way of displaying their opinions, but to communicate on the highest level, they need to understand the â€Å"rules† that apply to each gender. As presented by Dr.Pat Heim in her video, â€Å"The Invisible Rules: Men, Women, and Teams,† each gender is a â€Å"culture† in itself, raised with invisible rules of conduct instinctively known to all adult members of that gender. When it comes to marriage, how do these â€Å"rules† apply when one gender belittles the other?In addition to that, things that might come naturally to one gender culture can seem to confound another.So, as women’s cultural roles change more and more every day, are they†¦show more content†¦When most people get married, it is always the traditional way of marriage-the jumping over the broom, cocktail hour, cheers toasts, and party time. Even though going down the traditional path can have its ben efits, it can also take a turn for the worse. Some advantages of having a traditional marriage is sticking to the simple way, everything is expected of you, and you could possibly feel more comfortable. On the other hand, having a traditional wedding can be a disadvantage because no one is expecting anything out of the ordinary and you will feel much more comfortable expressing yourself with your partner. Now, what happens when you don’t feel comfortable with your spouse and your marriage has taken a turn for the worse? Is it going to bring out the worse in both of you? Is it just easier to go down the traditional route? The easiest public argument to make in defense of traditional marriage is to focus on the benefits of marriage ( Richards,2012). However, do some of those benefits cause the roles of women to change? Most women can pick and choose the role they want to play in any situation, but back in the day, women couldn’t decide for themselves because everything was already planned for them. Women were often stereotypes as happy wives and mothers. The only jobs that they had access to were as teachers, secretaries, and nurses. This cold society felt that a woman’s main goal was to get married, have children, and become an experienced housewife whileShow MoreRelatedThroughout The History Of The United States, The Concept1686 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States, the concept of marriage has changed substantially. Marriage and finding a partner is a tricky social practice in the U.S., as it brings with it the promise to share life together, finances, among many other crucial aspects of living. Today, because women and men have fairly equal opportunities to pursue their own education and careers, the concept of marriage has become challenging, causing two people who value independence so heavily to have to come together as one, and share resourcesRead MoreGender Roles Within The Social Sciences And Humanities1693 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Roles in Marriage Brandon Smith Georgia Southern University â€Æ' Gender Roles in Marriage Gender roles are defined as a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex. Gender roles differ between different sets of cultures but it is widely accepted that gender roles reflect the expectations that go alongRead MoreGender Roles And Gender : A Season Of Madness By Hanan Al Shaykh950 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles And Gender Stereotype Problems in society Gender problems are big problems in society. Although today s gender problems are better than before, it still cannot be resolved completely. There are many kinds of gender problems. For example, gender role, gender identity, gender stereotypes and gender-equal problems. The short story A Season of Madness, by Hanan Al-Shaykh, shows some problems of genders and society. In A Season of Madness, the author tells a story of a Lebanese woman-Read MoreThe Myth Of Co-Parenting By Hope Edelman885 Words   |  4 PagesCo-Parenting; How it Was Supposed to Be. How it Was† by Hope Edelman and â€Å"My problem with Her Anger† by Eric Bartels both explain the strain child rearing and lack of communication can put upon a marriage. The two articles describe their personal experiences with this issue, but the authors have differing points of view on the subject. Although they have different perspectives, both Edelman and Bartels explore ideas of traditional gender roles and unrealisti c expectations in relationships. Edelman discussesRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Divorce1089 Words   |  5 PagesStanley, Allen, Markman, 2014). Healthy marriages are considered to be good for the mental and physical wellbeing of the husband and wife. As for the children, they get to grow in a happy home that provides them protection from mental, educational, social, and physical problems. However, the society may have been successful in getting rid of the stigma that is associated with ending a marriage, but it can no longer ignore the massive effects that come with it, especially to children. To the parentsRead MoreEssay about Intercultural Communication1561 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of â€Å"intercultural marriage† is explained as the marriage between partners from different racial, ethnic, national or religious backgrounds. Now intercultural marriage becomes a trend and receives a massive notice, which explains why it appears as frequent topic on several magazines, news, documentaries†¦ Many couples now are more interesting in this topic and also can have better advices in this field than they were 30 years ago, when intercultural marriage was such an unfamiliar and alsoRead MoreGender Roles : Modern And Fast Passed1144 Words   |  5 Pageshow can it be that it is stuck on something as prehistoric as stereotypic gender roles? Starting with the caveman to the men and women of the Victorian period and even to now in the twenty-first century, society has imprinted its own idea of what a man and women should be and the what role each should hold in society. The idea of what is appropriate in behavior and how one should act are most likely attributed to what gender they are. In the eyes of society, all are seen with a stereotypic lends.Read MoreThe Issue Of Sex Controversy1343 Words   |  6 Pagesand this used to be viewed as the only normal type of couple, however now it’s not uncommon to see couples of the same gender. Couples of the same gender have differ ent roles compared to couples of opposite genders. Same gender couples face different types of relationships issues that a straight couple may not have to deal with. Every type of couple though works through their problems in ways that make sense for their unique situation. Homosexuality controversy is often in the media, but everyday moreRead MoreOne Child Policy of China: Socio-Economic Effects1740 Words   |  7 Pagesin several different prospects of society that are often neglected by intellectuals. There main focus is always on economic and political reform, But in this essay main focus is on the china’s population and the cultural rituals of family, gender and marriage. To add more, further elaboration will be addressed on the changing trends in the Chinese culture based on these elements. China’s population is 1.3 billion that contributes to 1/5 of world’s population. China’s community has this believeRead MoreWhy Gay Marriage Is Wrong for Georgia 990 Words   |  4 PagesChristian state, gay marriage simply does not fit into our southern lifestyle here in Georgia. Georgians should not support gay marriage in this state because it violates the natural laws of the universe, it violates the word of god and his teachings in the bible, and it robs the children the opportunity to actually have a normal family life. Historically, since the beginning of man-kind, relationships that have occurred in nature have always been with opposite gender. Laws of attraction and

Attributes and Competencies of the Global Leader Free Essays

Today we are living in a globalized world, where organizations are multicultural and diverse, people are sharing a global language (English) and a global medium of communications (Internet), technology is booming, small connected world and changes are faster than ever. To be an effective leader of emerging organizations in the global world one will need to see the world and the workforce with a global mindset (Marquardt Berger 2000).To cope with the changes in a globalized business world, leaders will need to develop different attributes and competencies, such as: visionary, effective communication, innovation, motivational, creative, spirituality and concern of ethics, charismatic and risk taking. We will write a custom essay sample on Attributes and Competencies of the Global Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, some of these skills are not essential for a leader to succeed, for example not all successful leaders are charismatic or creative. On the other hand, there are some leadership competencies like effective communication, visionary, honesty/integrity, motivational/inspirational are essential for a real leader.In my opinion, if these skills aren’t available in a leader, then he/she is not practicing the leadership effectively and will not be distinguished from the crowd. In this paper I will examine the four attributes most needed by men and women to lead in the new world, and will highlight how these attributes are going to evolve over time. Visionary leaders Leaders start to envision when they are unhappy with the present situation, and want to change the future. Leadership starts with having a vision, then developing a plan to achieve it through the followers (Giuliani 2002).Real leaders envision an exciting highly attractive future for their organizations, inspire and share the vision, enlist others in a common vision, keep visioning as ongoing process. According to Kouzes Posner the visionary leaders as described in The Leadership Challenge book â€Å"compared to all other the other leadership qualities constituents expect, this is the one that most distinguishes leaders from other credible people† (Kouzes Posner, 2007) Leaders should believe in their vision, and have the will to translate it to reality and communicate it to the follow ers.To be a successful leader it’s not enough only to build the company’s vision, but also to inspire workers, customers, colleagues and stakeholders about the vision (Marquardt Berger 2000). Once the followers clearly understand the vision they will work towards that direction, and will set smaller visions, missions, and goals to achieve the organizational vision. In addition, a real leader must envision together with the followers the type of the future they desire. Having a shared vision of the future helps the individuals of any organization to take decisions wisely.They can build their daily and strategic decisions based on having outcomes that will align with the shared vision. In addition, visionary leaders with the ability to forecast the future can take the company forward and help in gaining a competitive advantage. When John Kennedy set a goal of putting a man on the moon by 1970 or Bill Gates aimed to put a computer in each home, they were focusing attention on attainable future goals (Marquardt Berger 2000). These leaders and many others had a unique ability to search new business opportunities and new markets.They believed in their sense and vision, although it was against the common sense that others believed on. For example, in 1943, Thomas Watson, the CEO of IBM said â€Å"I think there is a world market of maybe five computers†. This tells us the difference between him and a visionary leader like Bill Gates, who envisioned the future of having a PC in each home, and gained a competitive advantage over the others well established IT companies! (Forster 2009). It’s very important in a globalized business world to have a clear direction, where to go and how to reach there.Leaders lacking the sense of direction and the envision of the future can’t make it to the end, since the followers expect their leaders to tell them what’s the company is likely to be in the next 6-12 months, or 3-5 years, or even 10 years from now. Good communication skills Effective communication skill is one of the most important leadership characteristics, or I would prefer to describe it as a must skill that all leaders should acquire and develop consistently.Good communication skills inclu des: active listening, building relationships through dialogue, engage subordinates, understanding of cultural difference, walk the talk and lead by example (Forster 2009). Good leaders should be good listeners. Leaders should actively and deeply listen to followers and encourage a collaborative and open environment to promote the free exchange of ideas. Most successful leaders believed in utilizing as many minds as possible and engage the followers thought the organizational cycle. In addition, most of the communication breakdowns occur because of not listing effectively.Poor communication is repeatedly cited as major problem in many organizations, whether it is a top-down communication or among different departments and individuals. A leader should have the ability and skills to create an effective communication strategy. During the history many major crises were caused by miss-communication and it cost companies big losses, examples of communication breakdowns were the ones occurred in NASA associated with crash of Space Shuttle Challenger and the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter (Forster 2009).In both cases the problem was poor communication amongst the different individuals working on the projects. If the projects’ leader/leaders were effective communicator he/she would actively listen to the subordinates regarding not launching the rocket during cold weather in the first case, and in the second case would ensure a better communication among the two groups of engineers who were working using two different metric measurements. At the end good communication skills would have saved NASA from the big losses. Leaders in a globalized business world should have a good understanding of cross-cultural communication.In today’s world even if the company is operating nationally, the leader will be facing people from different cultures, and a communication attitude that is acceptable in a company in the Middle East can be seen offensive in other cultures. Moreover, when a leader understand the differences across the cultures, it will be easier to communicate in a personal way with different individual. It will be much easier to establish relationships and appeal to followersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ hearts and minds. Story telling is one of the useful techniques that can enhance leaders communicate style. Stories can help leaders to vividly illustrate what they are trying to communicate in an interesting way. Stories that communicate and connect to on an emotional level help communicate deeper than words and leave much stronger impression on the listener than using a simple stating of the facts or orders. There is no single work without communication being part of it; if the leader is a visionary, motivational, honest, experienced and competent but fails to effectively communicate and express all this to his/her followers, then there is no point of him/her being a leader!A leader with good communication skills can easily communicate the vision and get the message across, build strong relationships, get employees aligned behind the organization’s goals. Indeed, many other organizational competencies such as change, innovation and learning are dependable on having effective communication skills and system in place (Forster 2009). Basically, communication is the core of the differ ent functions in any organization.For example, let’s assume we have an X Company where we ask all employees -from the CEO to the security guard- not to communicate (internally and externally) in any of the forms (verbal, non-verbal and written) for one working-day! We all know that the X Company will fail to function and perform. Motivational and inspirational To be a motivational leader at first you should be a self-motivated. A motivational and inspirational leader is the one who have the ability to keep the followers motivated in the work they do and inspired about turning the vision into reality, and treat their followers as intelligent, creative nd most importantly not to de-motivate them. There are many different ways that a leader can motivate the followers even through financial motivational tools (money- promotion- bonuses), or emotional motivations (giving them more responsibilities- authorities- freedom- nice working environment), rewarding and appreciation. Or as simple as saying â€Å"Thanks† can be a powerful motivator. People want to be inspired, and expect their leaders to be enthusiastic, energetic, and optimistic about the future. If leader doesn’t show inspiration and passion for the company, why follower should!If the leader is self-motivated and care about his/her employees motivations; he/she will have the best performance out of the employees, they will enjoy the work a nd will be more committed. It’s not enough for a leader to have a dream; he/she should communicate the dream in a way that will inspire the followers to buy in. Treating the followers as intelligent and creative raises their confidence and motivational level. When followers feel that they have a decision over the organization and that their ideas are considered by the leader, this makes them feel they are the leader.According to Jack Welch, CEO General Electric, there are ten roles for inspirational leaders: 1) provide an inspiring vision and strategic alignment, launch a crusade. 2) Help people connect their personal goals to business goals. 3) Make relentless innovation a religion. 4) Encourage entrepreneurial creativity and experimentation. 5) Involve everyone, empower and trust employees. 6) Coach and train your people to greatness. 7) Build teams and promote teamwork, leverage diversity 8) Motivate, inspire and energize people, recognize achievements. 9) Encourage risk taking. 10) Make business fun.These ten simple roles can assure a leader to be motivational and inspirational (Welch 2005) A great example of inspiration is when Steve Jobs stole the CEO from Pepsi by asking him, â€Å"Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to change the world? † Being inspiring means showing followers the big picture and helping them see beyond a narrow focus and understand how their part fits into the big picture (Bennis ; Nanus 2007) When giving example of motivational leaders and companies, Google have to be highlighted. There are many motivational practices being carried in Google that makes it an employer of choice.Google believes that appreciation is the best motivational tool, Google have created a fun and inspiring workplace by providing onsite doctor and dentist, massage and yo ga and professional development. Google offers a variety of benefits for employees including medical insurances, free travel options, company’s share and more (Forster 2009). To be a successful leader in a globalized world it’s not enough to have motivational skills, but also the leaders should differentiate between how people from different generations, gender, cultures react differently towards motivational tactics.For example, what motivates me as a Generation Y might not work with baby-boomers and things that motivate me now cannot be motivational anymore in future! Once the leader understands the motivational differences he/she will obtain different styles to make all the followers motivated by having a variety of motivational tactics to select from. Sometimes motivational techniques could be miss-used by leaders. For example, a leader will promise a subordinate with promotion if he/she performs accordingly. However, the employee will do his/her best and achieve the targeted goal assuming he/she will be promoted.They make fake promises only to enhance the employees’ motivation and performance level for short-term, however, neglecting t he dissatisfaction that could accrue in long-term by such practices. Integrity and honesty â€Å"Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. † (Samuel Johnson 1709-84) Integrity is one of the most personality traits that followers seek in their leaders. There are three main factors of what constitutes integrity in a leader: trust, honesty, empathy.In the surveys conducted by Kouzes Posner for the Leadership Challenge book, honesty has been ranked higher than any other competencies- gaining a percentage of 89 % in 2007. (Kouzes Posner, 2007). People want to follow an honest leader! Followers will willingly follow a leader who makes them feel trusted and in safe hands. It’s a human nature, were we tend to believe in the words and vision that come through a trusted person and we walk upon it. The leaders should demonstrate honesty with themselves, followers, customers, stakeholders and partners. Once a leader is perceived as an honest person, it will be reflected on the followers’ honesty as well (Kouzes Posner, 2007). An honest leader when runs his/her organization ethically; in return the followers carry out practices with honesty and integrity, at the end this means that the customers are being treated honestly. In addition, honest leaders have more power over their followers than a dishonest. For example, if the followers believe and know that their leader has been honest all the way- in good and bad times: Firstly they will be willingly following him/her.Secondly, they will buy in his vision and will work towards achieving it with honesty too. Lastly, they will trust and support his/her decisions and will do their best to achieve the goals. Leaders should show honesty, even in situations if he/she is admitting mistakes as this will increase the leadership influence. True leaders should understand how followers feel about a given situation and should demonstrate empathy by their actions. True leaders consider the entire organization when taking decisions, rather than looking for their own benefits.Empathy and truly understanding others, is extremely an important part of gaining trust. Good example, of an honest leader is Lee Lacocca, he was honest with his employees when Chrysler was near-bankruptcy. He didn’t cheat on his employees by paying himself or selling his shares, rather he announced that he will pay himself a symbolic salary of only $1 for twelve months instead of $ 360 000. This ethical behavior had great influence on his followers and things were changed to better and taking the company to profitability (Iacocca, 1988: 242- as cited in the book by Forster 2009).On the other hand, if the leader is dishonest and yet the subordinates follow him willingly that means even these individuals are themselves dishonest or will lose the self-respect and will be perceived as dishonest by others surrounding them. Dishonest and unethical leaders throughout the history were the reason behind the fails of many organizations. Enron Corporation is one example of how leaders of a multi-billion dollar corporation, by unethical business practices, ruined the lives of thousands. In 2001, Enron as the fifth largest company on the Fortune 500. However, Enron’s unethical accounting practices have led the company into a bankruptcy (Forster 2009). This bankruptcy has caused many problems among many individuals. Numerous employees lost their jobs and retirement funds, while top executives were selling their stocks, knowing that the company was going to fall, employees and shareholders were the ones who would take the biggest hit. If the officers of Enron had any integrity they would’ve been empathetic to the livelihood of others. Instead of lining their own pocket, they would’ve done what’s right if they had integrity. Future leadership skills and attributes- after ten years New times demand new kinds of leaders. Although 2300 years ago our ancestors have known and practiced the core attributes of effective leaders, as the Greek philosopher Aristotle suggested that prospective leaders- having acquired self-awareness and wisdom- needed to develop additional three competencies: Ethos, Pathos, and logos. These are still relevant as it was, and will continue to be.However, the global world is requiring new leaders with new and unique combination of skills and personal attributes. All of the above mentioned skills (visionary, effective communicator, honest, motivational and inspirational) will remain important for leaders even after ten years from now; however, some of these skills might evolve by the speed of change, new technologies, smaller world, and the impact of advances made by women leaders g lobally and some of them might be seen more important in the future that it is now.Technology is affecting every aspect of our lives, including leadership skills. In a world where information travels faster than ever, leaders should be proactive to technology changes rather than reactive. Rapid changes in the world today combined by overloading information make it difficult for leaders to know everything around them. Also it makes it difficult to communicate all the changes. Technology is making the leaders life easier and difficult at the same time. It’s easier to be connected to the world by simple clicks. However, the virtual world might affect the way ommunication skills were defined, leaders used to depend on body language, eye contact, movement and in some cases charisma to deliver their messages or convey ideas. With all the new communication devices (electronic emails and video conferencing), future leaders should be trained well in using the technology effectively and yet inspiring their followers. Thus, future leader will need to appreciate and understand the power and purpose of technology. In addition, as everyday a new technology is invented, the future leaders should be a â€Å"techno-leader† in the way they lead and behave.For example, these days we interact with many successful leaders who don’t know how to use the latest technology properly (e. g face book, i-Pod, and communicators); however people manage to follow them. As the younger generation will be representing the majority of the future followers and leaders, developing skills in using advanced technology will be an essential leadership trait to succeed in a globalized organization. Because of technology corporations will become cluster organizations, where some will be working from home. This will require the leader to learn leading from distance!In short, a future leader should be technologist. Globalization is affecting the leadership attributes, leaders will have to become more multicultural in their thinking and leading styles. As companies are becoming more diverse, a real leader will have to cope with this by learning more and more about cultural differences. Indeed, followers might seek to follow leaders with experience in more than on culture. A leader, who learns and understands different cultures, and there is a possibility of evolving a new trait that could so called â€Å"a mixed-cultural leader†.Future good leaders should consider the cultural differences even more than ever before and look at the diversity as an advantage not challenge or obstacle. Interestingly, a common global culture might be invented to serve the global business, where people will be sharing a common culture, as sharing a common language today! Motivational and inspirational will still remain important attribute the followers will be seeking in future leaders. We don’t know f or defiantly if it will be seen less or more important. But for sure, the future leaders will need to change the motivational tactics they are using today.What inspire followers today, might not work in future. For example, allowing employees to work at home, providing them with free international internet services in their cell phones might be seen more motivational than providing a fun working environment in future. As more successful women acquiring leadership positions globally and having the feminine impact on the workforce, the negative criticism about her as a leader is becoming less. In fact, recently women as leaders have brought up many effective leadership attributes. For example, collaboration with followers is an important leadership skill.Recent research has shown that women are more collaborative in work than men. She works with different individuals in harmony with emphasis to achieve the desired goal collectively. In addition, we all know and realize that women have multi-task brains. We can do and think about different things at the same time. This is a natural gift that we as women have, however, men might need to develop and acquire this skill to be successful leaders, since things are changing very fast and leaders will have to set on different projects and goals to be achieved at the same time!Building strong relationship with followers is another skill that women are keen on. As mentioned earlier in this paper, leaders should build a trusted relationship with followers. Ken Blanchard, in his book Whale Done: The Power of Positive Relationships, encourage leaders to concentrate on good things their followers do, reinforcing good habits and using praise as motivators. This builds trust and strengthen relationships. Women generally have an intuitive understanding of the value of relationship in all aspects of their lives.The ability to value and build trust and relationships is seen as critical trait in leaders for a business’s ability to grow and expand. We have noticed how the betrayal of the Enron leaders cause painful results as mentioned earlier. We have also seen a female warrior in Carly Fiorina, Hewlett Packard’s CEO, maximize internal and external relationships to win the recent battle at Hewlett Packard (Marquardt Berger 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, leadership skills and competencies can be different from industry to industry and from a medium-sized to a multi-billion organization.However, there are some basic leadership traits that all leaders should acquire and develop in order to succeed in the globalized business world. Visionary and forward looking, effective communication, motivational and integrity are the most important qualities that people look for in thei r leaders and will more likely to follow. While the core skills of leadership have remained and will remain the same over time, the leadership of the future will require a different emphasis on particular skills as a result of new technologies, smaller world, and the impact of advances made by women as leaders.By preparing for these changes ahead, the leaders can expect what the leadership will look like in future. word count 3,620Bibliography Bennis, W. and Nanus, B. (2007) Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge, New York: HarperCollins Publisher. Forster,N. (2009). Maximum Performance: A Practical Guide to Leading and Managing People at Work, Dubai: Maximum Performance. Giuliani, R. (2002). Leadership, New York: Miramax books. James Clausen. Suite101, (2004). Organizational Leadership and Integrity in Business Management. Retrieved March 3, 2010 from http://human-resources-management. uite101. com/article. cfm/organizational_leadership_and_integrity#ixzz0iGeeJOQ2 Kouzes, J. and Posner, B. (2007), The Leadership Challenge- 4th ed, San Francisco: Josey-Bass. Marquardt, M. and Berger, N. (2000), Global Leaders of the 21st Century, Albany: Sate University of New York Press. Mitchell, J. (20080. Hug Your People, London: Bantam Book. Shead, M. (2007). Five most important leadership traits. Retrieved March, 2010 from http://www. leadership501. com/five-most-important-leadership-traits/27/ Welch, J S. (2005). Winning, HarperCollins. How to cite Attributes and Competencies of the Global Leader, Papers

Personal Swot Analysis Essay Example For Students

Personal Swot Analysis Essay SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHSA powerful strategy- The path to growth strategy has strengthened the companies focus around its leading brands, Restructuring has produced savings of $3.4 billion,Strong Brand name/ image of products- A wide range of leading brands in its products portfolio such as; Dove soaps and shampoo, Lipton teas, Slim-fast, Ben and Jerrys ice-cream. Market ShareAlliances/Acquisitions-The acquisition of Ben and Jerrys ice-cream The acquisition of Best foods The Acquisition of Slim-fast has resulted in entering a new industryWeaknessesSales Growth DecreasingUnderperforming productDisadvantage of having a multicountry strategyRevenueDebtOpportunityDeveloping Slim-fastNew industryExpanding into new geographic markets-more countries, like Europe, where the weight loss/management trend is also taking hold. Expanding the product line Product line- could introduce standardized, low price product offerings in order to compete with the private-in house brands offered by supermarkets and for the developing countriesTHREATSIncreased intensity of competition- from other global food and household brands with similar product portfolios and between brand name products and private label in house productsCompetitors are Strengthening their resources-has been a recent increase in mergers and acquisitions in recent times Likely Entry of potent new competitors- large, high profile competitors may take advantage Demographics- Constant changing consumer preferences. E.g. health and preventing diseases like diabetes, obesity and heart disease. Household sizes are decreasing.

Spinal Immobilization free essay sample

These resources have been analysed and a conclusion drawn from them in regards to spinal immobilisation in the pre-hospital setting. Method: This assignment uses an evidence based approach; the author explores spinal injuries and the current management of them in the pre-hospital setting across a number of countries. The author relates current practice with recent literature and draws a final conclusion from the findings. Conclusion: Prehospital care for patients with acute traumatic spinal injuries requires great care to avoid secondary injury; recognition of otential injury is of great importance. Although injuries to the spinal cord occur in 2% of the patients that paramedics immobilize, pre-hospital management and treatment can play a significant role in the patient’s outcome. There is growing evidence that full body immobilization can be of more harm than good if not done correctly. Introduction Traumatic spinal cord injuries are severe, life threatening and life altering . Managing the risk of spinal cord injury in trauma patients is an understandable concern for medical professionals. We will write a custom essay sample on Spinal Immobilization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spinal immobilization is initiated on a regular basis in pre-hospital setting for patients at risk of a spinal cord injury. In the past immobilization has been thought to be a relatively harmless procedure. There is now, however, growing evidence that this approach can be harmful, pre-hospital spinal immobilization in trauma patients should be questioned and explored. There is a large amount of literature on pre-hospital immobilization; the purpose of this paper is to review the current literature and make a recommendation for New Zealand practice. This paper explores current pre-hospital management of spinal cord injuries, the literature around cervical spine immobilization and full body immobilization. Spinal cord injury Spinal cord injury is injury to the spine with any localised damage to the spinal cord or to the roots that lead to some functional loss, either loss of motor function (paralysis) or sensory loss (paresthesias). Spinal cord injuries are caused by the spine being forced beyond its normal range, injury can be caused by hyperflexion, hyperextension, rotation, compression, or penetrating injury of the spinal cord. The leading causes of injury to the spinal cord includes car accidents (40%), falls (21%), acts of violence (15%), sporting injury (13%) (Sanders, 2012) Spinal injuries may be classified into sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations and/or actual cord injuries. Spinal cord injuries are further classified as complete or incomplete and may be the result of pressure, contusion or laceration of the spinal cord (Marieb amp; Hoehn, 2010). It is very important for paramedics and emergency personal to know that pain from a spinal cord injury is not necessarily localized to the area of the injury. In 18% of cervical, 63% of thoracic and 9% of lumbar injuries, the pain is located elsewhere (Bernhard, Gries, Kremer, amp; Bottiger, 2005). Current Management Pre-hospital management of acute spinal cord injury is of critical importance, it has been estimated that 25% of spinal cord damage may occur or be aggravated after the initial event (Bernhard, Gries, Kremer, amp; Bottiger, 2005). Pre-hospital treatment of patients with a spinal cord injury involves recognition of patients at risk and appropriate immobilisation (Tintinalli, 2011). Spinal immobilization and spinal precautions are common practices in the pre-hospital setting of patients with trauma. Despite this practice, spinal cord injuries are rare, approximately 2%, and are often obvious at the scene. Several rules exist that are designed to help pre-hospital providers clinically clear the cervical spine this helps reduce the need for radiography and reduce adverse effects from spinal immobilization (Alejandro amp; Schiebel, 2006). The goal of pre-hospital management of spinal cord injuries is to reduce neurological deficit and to prevent any additional loss of neurological function. Therefore, prehospital management at the scene should include a rapid primary evaluation of the patient, resuscitation of vital functions (airway, breathing, and circulation), a more detailed secondary assessment, and finally transportation to definitive care. In addition, after arriving at the scene, it is important to evaluate the scene and to understand the mechanism of injury in order to identify the potential for spinal cord injuries (Bernhard, Gries, Kremer, amp; Bottiger, 2005). Currently in New Zealand according to St John (2011) clinical guidelines and Wellington free Ambulance (2011). If the patient has any of the following signs or symptoms they should have their cervical spine immobilised: 1. Tenderness at the posterior midline of the cervical spine or 2. Focal neurological deficit or 3. Decreased level of alertness or 4. Evidence of intoxication or 5. Clinically noticeable pain that may distract the patient from pain of a cervical spine injury. Australia’s Queensland Ambulance service has similar cervical immobilisation criteria to New Zealand, they use a clear flow chart to that is similar to the Canadian C-spine Rule but includes distracting injury and intoxication. Their other treatments focus on limiting neurological deficit and prevent secondary injury. This is achieved through appropriate spinal immobilisation, maintaining a high index of suspicion of spinal cord injury (Clinical pratice guidelines Trauma, 2011). Saskatchewan, Canada also use the Canadian C-Spine rule, this rule is only used if the patient is co-oprative and has a Glasco comoa scale (GCS) of 15. If the patient meets ther criteria for cervical spine immobilization they are also fully immobilised on a long spine board or scoop stretcher. Full immobilization includes the head, neck and spine; this is done to prevent any further injuries during transport. Canada also administers an anti-emetic (anti-nausea medication) to prevent any unwanted and preventable movement (Saskatchewan Emergency Treatment Protocol Manual, 2012). In the United States of America to determine whether it is appropriate to apply full spinal immobilization which can include rigid collar, backboard, three point restraining device and head immobilization device, in the prehospital setting the following is assesses. If any of the below findings are positive, full spinal immobilization is to be implemented (Emergency medical services pre-hospital treatment protocols, 2012). 1. Midline bony spinal tenderness to palpation 2. Physical findings with a neurologic deficit 3. Altered mental status to including substance abuse and loss of consciousness 4. The presence of additional painful or distracting injuries 5. The complaint of numbness 6. Language barrier i. e. patient not understanding the questions asked, dementia, speaks a different language, or mentally delayed 7. Pain in cervical region on movement 8. Children under the age of 12 9. Significant mechanism of injury or care provider judgment It appears that the United States of America fully immobilize the majority of suspected/ potential spinal cord injuries. Litigation associated with error in spinal management can be very costly, with the average payouts being $3 million per incident in the United States (Abram amp; Bulstrode, 2010). The Literature Cervical spine immobilization It is believed that movement of the non-immobilised patient with an unstable vertebral column injury places the spinal cord at risk of primary or worsening damage. There is a lot of evidence that cervical immobilisation can restrict movement, but evidence proving that cervical collard protect against secondary injury is lacking (Ramasamy, Midwinter, Mahoney, amp; Clasper, 2009). In prehospital care, paramedics are trained to immobilize all patients with possible spinal cord injury; in order to prevent additional neurologic injury. Many patients will be found to have no injury to the spine at all. Some will have an unstable fracture with an intact spinal cord; the goal is to prevent movement of the spine therefore preventing damage to the spinal cord. Others will unfortunately already have neurological disability on initial examination. In these patients, the goal is to prevent further cord injury (Peery, Bruice, amp; White, 2007). A number of risks may be associated with application of the cervical collar. If the jaw support of the collar clamps the teeth together, the airway may be compromised if the patient vomits. Cervical collars have also been found to place pressure on the neck this can cause an increase in intracranial pressure. Acute respiratory failure, hypoxia and hypoventilation have also been reporter (Bernhard, Gries, Kremer, amp; Bottiger, 2005; Hann, 2004; Abram amp; Bulstrode, 2010; Engsberg, et al. , 2013). A rise in intracrainal pressure (ICP) has been associated with a worse neurological outcome in patients suffering from a head injury. Cervical spine immobilisation has been foud to increase the ICP by approximatly 4. 5 mmHg. This is relevent because head injuries occur in an average of 34% of trauma patients (Abram amp; Bulstrode, 2010). Galim, et al. 2012) applied cervical spine imobilisation to nine fresh cadervers in order to assitaine weather or not collars exacerbate cervical spine injuries. X-ray’s were taken befor and after application of the collar. Galim found after the application of the collar there was a grossly abnormal seperation of the verterbra in all nine cadervers. The average seperation mesurement was 7. 33 mm (see figure 1). The collars did not cause the injury, but th is appears to promote seperation between vertebrea. This seperation sugests collars push the head away from the body, this causes stretching of the soft tissue including the spinal cord. Galin, et al recognises that the use of cadervers could repersent worst case scernario because of the difference in muscle tone in compard to an unconscious patine. The result of a randomized controlled trial on healthy volunteers has provided some useful insight into cervical spine immobilization and its effectiveness in trauma patients (Alejandro amp; Schiebel, 2006). Figure 1 Hann (2004) found that in general only 55% of patients will fit perfectly into cervical immobilization collars. The majority of patients will have an ill-fitting Collar. True cervical immobilization is likely to be unobtainable. Even a halo frame (which has mental pins that are screwed into the skull), allows a small amount of motion. However, the rigid cervical immobilization collar remains the best and most effective for the needs of the prehospital setting (Hostler, Colburn, amp; Seitz, 2009). Ideally, only patients with unstable spines would have a cervical collar applied. But these patients cannot be identified in the pre-hospital setting; determining spinal injury out of hospital is not easy nor is it accurate (Horodyski, DiPaola, Conrad, amp; Rechtine, 2011). In both Canada and Australia the Canadian C-Spine Rule is used to determine which patients could benefit from immobilisation (see figure 2). In one study on 8,283 patients who were assessed by emergency services and the Canadian C-Spine rule was applied. The paramedic’s received a short online tutorial on how the C-Spine rule worked. This study found that paramedics were able to apply this rule reliably, and did not miss any cervical spine injuries. The rule was found to be accurate; only 12 patients had clinically significant spinal cord injuries (Vaillancourt, et al. 2009). Figure 2 Full spinal immobilization There is growing questioning of the need to fully immobilise a patient, with many suggestions that immobilisation does not prevent additional spinal cord injuries, however it may in fact cause such injuries (Krell, et al. ,2006; Alejandro amp; Schiebel, 2006; Bernhard, Gries, Kremer, amp; Bottiger, 2005; Peery, Bruice, amp; White, 2007). The use of a spinal board is com mon in attempt to provide rigid spinal immobilization in the pre-hospital setting for trauma patients with potential spinal injuries. Nevertheless, the benefit of long backboards is largely unproven (Alejandro amp; Schiebel, 2006). A number of studies in the literature do present complications when poor standards of immobilisation are performed. Issues include occipital, lumbar and sacral pain development when padding is inadequate or absent, increased respiratory compromise with incorrect chest strapping, pressure sore development due to inadequate padding and spinal miss-alignment again are as a result of inappropriate/ inadequate padding. Perry, Brice amp; White (2007) found that if a patient is lying on a spinal board which is poorly trapped, it is likely the patient would move more during transport than if they were places on the stretcher. Inadequate pre-hospital spinal immobilization was found to occur on a regular basis; the main problem being straps had greater than four centimetres slack. Straps that have a four centimetres or greater slack cannot sufficiently immobilise a patient with a potential spinal injury. Abram amp; Bulstrode (2010) has noted that correct immobilisation of the cervical spine, with placing a patient on a backboard with the straps tightened correctly, that the patients respiratory function can be restricted by up to 15%. If the patients head is strapped in place but the body is poorly immobilized, this creates a situation where the body can pendulum at the neck. This situation is potentially more dangerous than not immobilising at all because it allows transport forces to move the weight of the body against an unstable spine (Peery, Bruice, amp; White, 2007). The general theory of spinal immobilisation is that movements would be reduced if neck protection is used along with a backboard to aid smooth extrication form a motor vehicle. Engsberg, et al (2013) found a significant decrease in movement (as opposed to full assistance i. e. spine board) when the patient exited the vehicle unassisted with a cervical collar in place to protect the neck. The results indicated that an unassisted cervical protected technique had significantly less range of motion than the unassisted unprotected and the fully assisted technique. In fact, with the addition of the cervical spine collar the level of protection was increased and range of motion was decreased in many instances (Engsberg, et al. , 2013). The use of backboards have been found to induce three to five as much movement than a scoop stretcher if the patient is on the ground (Krell, et al. , 2006). Abram amp; Bulstrode (2010) sugests that the risk of futher neurological injury due to inadiquate immobilisation may be overestermated. They back this statement up with a 5 year retrospective study. The neurological outcomes for patients where no routine pre-hospital immobilization was used were compared to trauma patients who received spinal immobilization. Two physicians acted independently, the patients were categorised into disabling r non-disabling. The trial found deterioration occurred less frequently and there was less over all neurological disability in the patients with no routine immobilization. It was suggested that, a large amount of force is required to damage the spine and injure the spinal cord; Abram amp; Bulstrode concluded that movement created during transport was unlikely to generate sufficient energy to res ult in additional injury. There were however weaknesses in this study. Patients who died at the scene or during transport were excluded. It was concluded that neurological deterioration in patients with spinal cord injury occurs in around 5% of patients even with good immobilization of the spine. Conclusion Immense care needs to be taken when providing medical care to an acutely injured patient with suspected spinal injury in the pre-hospital setting. Approximately 2% of all trauma patients will have sustained a spinal injury. Patients with acute traumatic spinal injury are at risk of neurologic deterioration which is thought to be due to secondary injury to the spinal cord. A potential cause of secondary injury is through unintentional manipulation of the spinal cord predominately in the setting of an unstable injury. Minimizing the chances of secondary injury can be challenging in the pre-hospital setting due to the location and accessibility of the patient, transport. Treatment that is initiated in the pre-hospital setting can lead to significant morbidity in other body areas, such as pressure areas, decreased respiratory effort. There is large variation in how care is administered in the pre-hospital setting from one country to another. There is a possibility that fill body immobilization may be contributing to mortality and morbidity in some patients, this warrants further investigation. The Canadian C-spine study showed that only 0. 14% of patients immobilized had clinically significant spinal cord injuries. New Zealand could improve their current practice by improving pre-hospital criteria to establish which patients really are at significant risk for needing spinal immobilization, this could reduce the number of patients exposed to the unnecessarily risks of spinal immobilization. Bibliography Abram, S. amp; Bulstrode, C. (2010). Routine spinal immobilization in trauma patients: What are the advantages and disadvantages. The Surgeon, 218-222. Ahn, H. , Singh, J. , Nathens, A. , MacDonald, R. D. , Travers, A. , Tallon, J. , . . . Yee, A. (2011, August). Pre-Hospital Care Management of a Potential Spinal Cord Injured Patient: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Evidence-Based Guidelines. Journal of Neurotrau ma, 8(28), 1341–1361. doi:10. 1089/neu. 2009. 1168 Ahn, H. , Singh, J. , Nathens, A. , MacDonald, R. D. , Travers, A. , Tallon, J. , . . . Yee, A. (2011, August). Pre-Hospital care management of a potential spinal cord injured patient: A systemic review of the literature and evidance-based guidelines. Journal of Neurolotrauma, 28, 1341-1361. doi:10. 1089/neu. 2009. 1168 Alejandro, A. , amp; Schiebel, N. (2006). Is routine spinal immobiilization an effective intervention for trauma patients? Emergency Medicine, 110-112. Bernhard, M. , Gries, A. , Kremer, P. , amp; Bottiger, B. (2005). Spinal cord injury Prehospital management. Resuscitation, 127-139. Clinical pratice guidelines Trauma. (2011, September). Retrieved from Queensland Ambulance Service: http://www. mbulance. qld. gov. au/medical/pdf/09_cpg_trauma. pdf Dunn, T. M. , Dalton, A. , Dorfman, T. , amp; Dunn, W. W. (2004). Are emergency medical technition-basics able to use a selective immobilization of the cervical spine protocol? Prehospital emergency care, 207-211. Emergency medical services pre-hospital treatment protocols. (2012, January 3). Retrieved from Commonwealth of Massachuse tts : http://www. mass. gov/eohhs/docs/dph/emergency-services/treatment-protocols-1001. pdf Engsberg, J. R. , Standeven, J. W. , Shurtleff, T. L. , Eggars, J. L. , Shafer, J. S. , amp; Naunheim, R. S. (2013). Cervical spine motion during extraction. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol 44, 122-127. Galim, P. B. , Dreiangel, N. , Mattox, K. L. , Reitman, C. A. , Kalantar, S. B. , amp; Hipp, J. A. (2012). Extrication collars can result in abnormal seperation between vetebrae in the presence of a dissociative injury. The Journal of Trauma, 12-16. doi:10. 1097/TA. ob013e3181be785a Hann, A. (2004, August 20). A photographic guide to prehospital spinal care: Edition 5. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from Emergency technologies: http://www. neann. com/pdf/psc. pdf Horodyski, M. , DiPaola, C. P. , Conrad, B.

Free Essays on National Parks

National parks play a major role in protecting and managing our environment by preserving the current state of Australia and the rest of the world. National parks protect species of flora and fauna as well as protecting the soil and waterways. They provide a habitat and environment for natural species without human interference. National parks are important for our future because if some species are depleted or become extinct they will endanger our survival. In 1879 the first national park was declared near Sydney (Royal National Park). Since then the number of national parks in Australia has boomed. Setting aside areas of national park is designed to:- Â · Provide a habitat and environment for native species. Â · Allow visitors to enjoy outdoor activities such as abseiling bushwalking, canoeing, orienteering, mountaineering and rock-climbing. Â · Preserve historic sites in their original beauty such as aboriginal sites. Â · Allow flora and fauna to exist in their natural environment without human interference. Â · Offer educational experiences for all visitors, as well as catering for scientific study and research groups. Â · Keep soil and waterways in their pristine conditions. There are over 500 national parks in Australia, which include all of the above in their programs. Only 2.4% of Australia is designated national park; hopefully in years to come this will grow to a reasonable amount. National parks are usually proclaimed because of unusual natural beauty, historical value, scientific value, educational purposes, leisure activities or (contrary to what some people think) they have no other use. National parks provide all these promoting careful management of our environment. Without certain species problems will begin to arise as demonstrated in the following chart. A certain plant species die due to industrial waste being dumped in the forests or rivers. Certain worm species have nothing to eat bec... Free Essays on National Parks Free Essays on National Parks National parks play a major role in protecting and managing our environment by preserving the current state of Australia and the rest of the world. National parks protect species of flora and fauna as well as protecting the soil and waterways. They provide a habitat and environment for natural species without human interference. National parks are important for our future because if some species are depleted or become extinct they will endanger our survival. In 1879 the first national park was declared near Sydney (Royal National Park). Since then the number of national parks in Australia has boomed. Setting aside areas of national park is designed to:- Â · Provide a habitat and environment for native species. Â · Allow visitors to enjoy outdoor activities such as abseiling bushwalking, canoeing, orienteering, mountaineering and rock-climbing. Â · Preserve historic sites in their original beauty such as aboriginal sites. Â · Allow flora and fauna to exist in their natural environment without human interference. Â · Offer educational experiences for all visitors, as well as catering for scientific study and research groups. Â · Keep soil and waterways in their pristine conditions. There are over 500 national parks in Australia, which include all of the above in their programs. Only 2.4% of Australia is designated national park; hopefully in years to come this will grow to a reasonable amount. National parks are usually proclaimed because of unusual natural beauty, historical value, scientific value, educational purposes, leisure activities or (contrary to what some people think) they have no other use. National parks provide all these promoting careful management of our environment. Without certain species problems will begin to arise as demonstrated in the following chart. A certain plant species die due to industrial waste being dumped in the forests or rivers. Certain worm species have nothing to eat bec...

Education and teaching philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Education and teaching philosophy - Essay Example The lines in particular are: At a reunion thirty years after high school graduation, an old teacher of Literature was moved to tears when asked by his classmate what he remembered about her teaching, he quoted a few lines from Omar Khayyam. He even explained how the latter’s words helped him survive while he was pursuing further studies in a university far from home. All this after a decade and a half, as though the class went through the lesson only yesterday. The boy who had turned into a man claimed that Omar Khayyan’s philosophy enabled him to survive while pursuing further studies in a university far from home. Reading, which is an integral part of language allows the reader to take in the human experience. Reading is a way to explore worlds and travel through time. A good teacher can introduce to her classes, great men of the past. These great personalities, perhaps no longer in our midst can still serve as role models for the young and inspire them to great deeds in the future. Students shouldn’t read books because they are forced to. Rather they should find deep personal meaning in a book and find themselves reflecting on it even after they’ve put it down. There should be books that change every student’s life. Here are some steps the students should take to gain background knowledge and become motivated to read. Then they actually read the text in which the readers develop a basic understanding. Then they re-read the text to extend their understanding, interpret, analyze and critique the selection (This second reading could be done orally during the lesson itself. The teacher allows the students to read orally certain paragraphs to justify their opinions with evidence from sources on the text itself.). Preview activities include brainstorming and anticipation guides. Teachers also show the students how to

Religious visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious visit - Essay Example For a class assignment, I visited St. Margaret’s Church at 1565 East Washington highway, Monticello Fl, 32344 (U.S. 90 east). This is a Catholic Church with the Parish consisting of Catholics living in the vicinity of the Washington highway. The purpose of the visit was to attend a Catholic Mass and experience the spiritual emotions of the congregation. Since Sunday services in Churches are usually filled to capacity, I thought it better to visit on a Saturday when only very devoted Catholics would be attending the daily Mass. The day was bright and sunny when I started from home and arrived at the church at 10.45 am. The first thing that struck me was the simplicity of its construction and the austere beauty of the church. It is a stone building, with a slanting gabled roof. The entrance was through an oval shaped, large mahogany door which seemed to welcome worshippers and added to the beauty of the Church. The inside of the church was quite simple, with pews for accommodating 250 or little more parishioners for one service. The people in the church were mostly middle class working people, with some pensioners also in attendance. There were an equal number of men and women. It was a mixed lot with Caucasians, Asians, and some Black worshippers. As this was a Saturday, most of the pews were empty and there were only some 35 worshippers present at this morning’s mass. ... The church premises included a vestry which was attached to the church and houses for the pastor and other lay persons who tended to the affairs of the church. There were 2 classrooms for Sunday classes for the younger children, and another classroom where boys and girls prepared for their first communion and later for their confirmation. There is a community hall with the church, where Parishioners meet to discuss the affairs of the church and to plan the various church programs, especially special worship programs such as Christmas, New Year, Easter and to celebrate the feast of St. Margaret (Brom). The organ was an old pipe organ which played during psalms and hymns. The choir comprised of some youngsters and some middle aged people who had been participating in the choir since they were young. Other outstanding features included a basketball court where young parishioners played in the evening and on holidays. Some trees surrounded the church, which provided welcome shade to pari shioners who liked to chat after services before heading for home. The lawn was green and well maintained. Most events and celebrations, such as wedding receptions, family picnics etc were held in the lawn. On Sundays, children played in the lawn while their elders attended Mass in the Church. I thought it better to arrive a few minutes before the service started. I was warmly greeted by Pastor Rev. Viet Tan Huynh, who is the parish priest. He asked if I was a recent member, and when I explained that I was here for just this one service, and why I was here. The church was adequately lit, and the pews were clean and gleaming. Everything was in perfect order. Pastor Rev. Viet Tan Huynh started the mass with

Program Theory - 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Program Theory - 2 - Essay Example Besides social evils, the high rate of unemployment especially among the graduates could have led to an increase in the dependency ratio meaning that earnings of those who are employed would dwindle significantly because of many people relying on such people, which mean that there will be less economic activities (Rushe, 2013). According to Bhatia (2013) in the recent past the issue of unemployment in the U.S featured prominently especially during the past economic crisis which crippled the economy of the country and thereby affecting the financial performance of many institutions in the country. Subsequently, during this period, there was a massive job loss for many Americans and most of the companies were financially incapable of retaining the various jobs that it had previously offered. Paul (2013) further lamented that another significant fact that promotes unemployment in the U.S is the outsourcing of various jobs from various companies in the United States to other countries wh ere the cost of labor is quoted as being low and there is an abundant supply of qualified workers. For example, by outsourcing some of the jobs that could be done by American engineers to countries such as China and India it means that American engineers will be unable to get employment opportunities and therefore, they will remain unemployed because of the fact that American companies are keen on saving on cost. According to Rushe (2013), in the past two years, the economy of the country has made significant improvements and more Americans have been absorbed into the employment sector thereby decreasing the severity of the problem. Despite of this improvement, the Bureau of Labor Statistics noted that as of August 2013, the rate of unemployment in the U.S stood at 7.3%, which is slightly above the average mark of 5.8%. Anyway, the significant drop is not a consolation prize because it still means that more than 12 million Americans are still unable to find gainful employment opport unities. Therefore, there is a warranted cause for seeking to find a solution to this problem because according to Rushe (2013), the figures released by the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics showed that 3.4 percent of engineers in the U.S have so far been unable to be employed. These significant levels of unemployment means that the government is also spending huge sums in paying benefits to these people while it is also unable to generate additional revenues from the taxes that could have been paid by this group of people if they were employed. Therefore, the problem of unemployment in the U.S can be quantified with the amount the government is spending on issuing benefits to this group of people and the amount of income tax it is unable to generate from more 12 million Americans who are unemployed. The proposed solution / program theory In order to tackle the problem of unemployment in the U.S especially among graduate engineering students, this present study proposed a program theor y that is â€Å"employed an engineering student in USA.† Under this theory, there is posed to be minimal government intervention and more in particular, engineering students will be looked upon to solve this problem through their various initiatives or projects that not only solve societal

Health Management Plan for Smoker with Heart Disease

Health Management Plan for Smoker with Heart Disease Introduction Cigarette smoking is still the leading cause of preventable death in the developed world. In the UK it is estimated to cause serious illness in 4.5 million people and kills about 300,000 people each year. Frieden estimates that it kills 5 million people in the world annually. (Frieden et al. 2005) This essay will consider the management plan for an idealised patient who smokes and has recently been diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease. There is a great deal of evidence in the literature which links smoking with both increased incidence and increased morbidity and mortality in heart disease. (Molyneux et al. 2004). It follows therefore that every effort should be made to encourage a patient who smokes to quit at the first opportunity. There is some evidence to suggest that one of the optimum times to successfully persuade a patient to quit smoking is when they have had a smoking related health event. (Ferguson et al. 2003) In the context of this essay one can assume that, having just been diagnosed with some form of heart disease, this would be an optimum time to instigate such an intervention. Pathophysiology Cigarette smoking is known to be a major health hazard. It is significantly implicated in virtually all aspects of both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. (Missel et al. 2008). In terms of pathophysiology, cigarette smoking has an effect on all phases of the atherosclerotic process from the earliest detectable signs of endothelial dysfunction to clinically significant thrombotic clinical events. There appears to be little difference in the implications of active or passive smoking as the effects appear to be largely dose (exposure) related. (Heiss et al. 2008). The mechanisms by which cigarette smoking exerts its pathological effects are complex, but it is known to increase inflammation, enhance the thrombotic processes and increases the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. Cigarette smoking increases the oxidative stress on the body. (OConnell et al. 2008). These smoking-specific effects are accumulative. And there is evidence to support the view that persuading a patient to reduce hi s intake is beneficial, even though this is clearly not as beneficial as complete cessation. (Wood-Baker 2002) Goals Any management plan should ideally have goals. This does not imply that they will all be achieved, but all of the processes identified and activities embarked on should have the ideal goal as their ultimate target. In this particular case, one can define several goals which will assist in the process of smoking cessation and management of their heart disease. A) To ensure that the patient understands their condition. B) Empowerment and education of the patient so that they can participate in their management plan with understanding and commitment C) To assist the patient in the medical treatment of the acute phase of their condition. D) To rehabilitate the patient after the acute stages are stabilised E) To engage with the patient’s carers (formal and informal) to optimise the patient’s return to health F) To assist the patient to quit smoking G) To support the patient as they negotiate their illness trajectory. Clearly there may well be other goals that could be considered and may arise in specific cases. This essay however, is dealing with the generalised patient. These goals are therefore designed to be applicable to the majority of cases of patients who smoke and have heart disease. Assessment The assessment of a patient begins at the first point of contact. Information can be gleaned from many sources and should be appropriate to the presenting condition. Assessment should be holistic and thorough. In this specific case, one should make particular enquiries relating to factors that are relevant to the patient’s lifestyle (relevance to their heart disease) and to their personal habits (relevance to their smoking pattern). One should pay particular attention to the factors that may make them wish to persist in their habit of smoking so that they can be specifically addressed when smoking cessation is discussed. Targeted interventions are more likely to be effective than blanket ones. (Rigotti et al. 2004). In consideration of their heart disease, one should make specific enquiries in relation to their eating and exercise habits as well as their willingness to participate in any proposed lifestyle change programme that may be suggested. Interventions and broad nursing strategies. Clearly the term â€Å"heart disease† covers a multitude of potential pathologies and it is not practical to consider specific interventions for all possibilities. In the context of this essay, one will consider broad strategies which are applicable to most situations. 1) Encourage compliance with drug regimens: Drugs are commonly prescribed in association with heart disease. They can be as part of a primary intervention such as controlling blood pressure (antihypertensives) or perhaps for improving cardiac output (digoxin) or for controlling secondary pathologies (viz. lipid lowering medication, diabetic treatment, anticoagulants). There is a case for using nicotine replacement medication. If this is the case then compliance with an appropriate dose and reducing regime will enhance the likelihood of success. (Parrott et al. 2004) The nurse can assist by encouraging the patient to comply with the regime. They may choose to do this by explaining to the patient why the various drugs are important and how they work or, if compliance is a persistent problem, by acting as the patient’s advocate and discussing with other healthcare professionals if alternative dosing regimes may assist compliance. 2) Facilitate recovery from the illness: This is a vast topic and will, to a large extent, be dependent on the disease process. Clearly the patient who has modest hypertension will require quite different input from the patient who has just sustained a major myocardial infarction. In the acutely debilitated patient, the nurse will need to play a more active and practical role than with the ambulant and largely well patient. Because of the emphasis of this essay on smoking cessation one can specifically include this as a major task in this area of the management plan. The specific details and treatment options will be discussed later. There is evidence that by assisting the patient to quit smoking, this will directly assist in the recovery process from the heart disease. (Siahpush et al. 2003) 3) Provide emotional support: This may be relevant in the patient who smokes primarily for reasons of anxiety or stress. Exploration of the causative factors is clearly relevant if any targeted approaches are going to be effective. If the heart disease is newly diagnosed, additional support may be required to help the patient adapt from a perceived wellness role to an illness role. (Roy. 1991). In this segment one should note that there is some suggestion that the anxiety sometimes caused by the process of smoking cessation can be counter-productive to the treatment of some forms of heart disease. There does not appear to be a strong evidence base to support this intuitive view however. (Sullivan et al. 2007) 4) Prevent the disease: It is known that patients who have smoked will always have a higher lifetime risk of disease than those who have never smoked. Absolute prevention is therefore not possible. Patients who smoke and are then persuaded to stop, can reduce their risks very considerably. It is known that patients who stop smoking will reduce their risks of myocardial infarction by 50% in the first year of smoking cessation. (Prescott et al. 1998) Expected outcome One can hope to assist the majority of patients to quit smoking. To a degree, one has to accept that there will always be a resistant nucleus of individuals who will (for whatever reason) simply not give up. It is not possible to predict, in advance of the intervention, which patients will be in the group that eventually relapses, therefore all patients should be helped equally aggressively. If one considers the results of the Hilleman trial, one is faced with the remarkable prospect that in a study of post CABG patients (who one might assume had the greatest incentive to quit smoking) a staggering 84% were back smoking within 10 weeks of the operation despite a huge input of anti smoking propaganda. (Hilleman et al. 2004) Patient empowerment and education A number of sources highlight patient empowerment and education as one of the prime predictors in a positive decision to quit smoking. (viz. Edwards 2004). If a patient understands the reasoning behind why they are being asked to undertake a health programme they are more likely to comply with it. Education is therefore one of the major factors in the various programmes designed to help patients give up smoking. Empowerment is another prime factor. Many studies have highlighted the need to stress self-belief in the patient and that the degree of self-belief equates strongly with a positive result. (viz. Miller et al. 2003) Smoking cessation A brief overview of the literature on smoking cessation will indicate that the subject is vast and that many different approaches have been tried with varying degrees of success. It is not appropriate to consider all of the various options, but this essay will cover those that appear to have the greatest reported degrees of success. Fung considered interventions that were suitable for hospitalised patients and of the four different regimes trialed, found that a regime which incorporated face-to-face counselling to identify risk factors for smoking Maintenance, individualising advice about quitting, involving patients in education measures (particularly exploration of the health effects and the benefits of quitting), was the most effective. (Fung et al. 2005). The authors also make the comment that the single most effective strategy was to get the smoker to adopt specific coping strategies such as disassociating the act of smoking from their normal daily routine and habits. They were asked not to smoke inside the home or inside the car, not to smoke with coffee or when reading or directly after a meal. Encouraging the family and friends to support them was the next most effective strategy. (Town et al. 2000) Many authorities advocate the use of nicotine replacement therapy (viz. Sullivan et al. 2007). Currently this is available in several presentations with the transdermal patches appearing to give the best rates of prolonged abstinence (about double that of placebo). Even the best results from trials however, do not give a success rate above 35% with the majority giving results in the region of about 20% abstinence at six months. (Hilleman et al. 2004) Follow up Because of the high relapse rate in smoking cessation programmes, follow up is an essential part of the management plan. The literature is full of various follow up strategies ranging from time intensive home follow ups to phone call contacts. It would appear that no one particular form of follow up is significantly more effective than any other. It has been found that any form of follow up is more effective than no follow up at all. Conclusions The evidence base to link cigarette smoking and heart disease is unchallengeable. Advising and helping a patient who has demonstrable heart disease to give up the habit is almost certainly going to have a beneficial effect on their long term health. In reaching this conclusion, one should not loose sight of the fact that there is a substantial failure rate. Any management plan to encourage the patient who smokes to quit, should make use of targeted interventions with follow up and consider using the approaches with optimum outcomes in order to achieve the best achievable response. References Edwards, R (2004) The problem of tobacco smoking. BMJ 328, 217 219 Ferguson, J A, Patten, C A, Schroeder, D R, et al (2003) : Predictors of 6-month tobacco abstinence among 1224 cigarette smokers treated for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 2003; 28, 1203 1218 Frieden T R, Blakeman D E. (2005) The Dirty Dozen : 12 Myths That Undermine Tobacco Control. American Journal of Public Health . September 2005, Vol 95, No. 9 1500 1505 Fung P R, Snape-Jenkinson S L, Godfrey M T, Love K W, Zimmerman P V (2005) Effectiveness of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Chest. 2005; 128 : 216 223. Heiss C, N. Amabile, A. C. Lee, W. M. Real, S. F. Schick, D. Lao, M. L. Wong, S. Jahn, F. S. Angeli, P. Minasi, et al. (2008) Brief secondhand smoke exposure depresses endothelial progenitor cells activity and endothelial function : sustained vascular injury and blunted nitric oxide production. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008; 51 (18) : 1760 1771. Hilleman D E, Mohiuddin S M, Packard K A (2004) Comparison of Conservative and Aggressive Smoking Cessation Treatment Strategies Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Chest. 2004; 125 : 435 438. Miller, M, Wood, L (2003) Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions: review of evidence and implications for best practice in Australian health care settings. Aust N Z J Public Health 2003; 27 : 300 309 Missel E, G. S. Mintz, S. G. Carlier, J. Qian, S. Shan, C. Castellanos, R. Kaple, S. Biro, M. Fahy, J. W. Moses, et al. (2008) In vivo virtual histology intravascular ultrasound correlates of risk factors for sudden coronary death in men: results from the prospective, multi-centre virtual histology intravascular ultrasound registry Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2008; (2008) ehn 293 v1. Molyneux, A Nicotine replacement therapy. BMJ 2004; 328 : 454 456 OConnell E D, J. M Nolan, J. Stack, D. Greenberg, J. Kyle, L. Maddock, and S. Beatty (2008) Diet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87 (3) : 712 722. Parrott, S, Godfrey, C (2004) Economics of smoking cessation. BMJ 2004; 328 : 947 949 Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein H O, Vestbo J. (1998) Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men : longitudinal population study. BMJ 1998; 316 : 1043 1047 Rigotti, N A, Munafo, M R, Murphy, M F G, et al (2004) Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 3, 2004 John Wiley Sons. Chichester, UK: Roy C (1991) An Adaption model (Notes on the Nursing theories Vol 3) OUP : London 1991 Siahpush, M, Borland, R, Scollo, M (2003) Factors associated with smoking cessation in a national sample of Australians. Nicotine Tob Res 2003; 5 : 597 602 Sullivan K M, Seed S E, DeBellis R J. (2007) State of the Art Reviews : Smoking Cessation. A Review of Treatment Considerations . American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, 201 213 (2007) Town, G I, Fraser, P, Graham, S, et al (2000) Establishment of a smoking cessation programme in primary and secondary care in Canterbury. N Z Med J 2000; 113 : 117 119 Wood-Baker, R (2002) Outcome of a smoking cessation programme run in a routine hospital setting. Intern Med J 2002; 32 : 24 28 ########################################################### 3.8.08 Word count 2,503 PDG

The Role of Washington County, Ohio in the Success of the Underground R

The Role of Washington County, Ohio in the Success of the Underground Railroad Gone, gone, --sold and gone To the rice-swamps dank and lone, From Virginia's hills and waters, -- Woe is me, my stolen daughters!" (Whittier in Hamilton, pg. 105) Families torn apart, humans sold on auction blocks, using humans for animal labor. These tragedies along with the words of the Quaker poet John Whiittier are just the beginning when trying to explain the motivation for abolitionists helping to free slaves. The Underground Railroad was a path to safety and freedom for thousands of slaves before the Civil War. Escaping from the chains, confinement and abuse of slavery was no easy task and it took the cooperation of many people to make escape possible. The anti-slavery movement created this path to guide and protect escaped slaves on their way to Canada, the freedom land. Many slaves traveled through Ohio on their journey and were assisted by Ohio residents. My research paper will answer the question: What role did Washington County, Ohio, play in the success of the Underground Railroad? Limitations and Delimitations While there were many states, slaves and abolitionists involved in the Underground Railroad, certain restrictions must be placed on the research. The research in this paper will only cover four stations and their conductors from Washington County, Ohio. The paper will take you on a trip through this county from a slaves point of view. Although the history and origin of slavery will not be covered in this paper, the feelings and thoughts of the slaves on their journeys will be depicted. Fugitive slaves, or runaway slaves, were fleeing a life of hardship and confinement for a life of h... ...hat even bloodhounds will not scent out (Cosner, pg. 85). WORKS CITED Hamilton, Virginia. Many Thousand Gone . New York: Scholastic, Inc, 1993. Blockson, Charles L. The Underground Railroad . New York: Prentice Hall, 1982. Cosner, Sharon. The Underground Railroad . New York: Venture, 1991. DuBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk . New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Burke, Henry R. Journeys on the Underground Railroad . Marietta, OH: The Underground Railroad Research Center, 1995. Douglas, Fredrick. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave . New York: Penguin Classics, 1986. "Underground Railroad." World Book Encyclopedia . 1992 ed. "Underground Railroad." Encyclopedia Americana . 1972 ed. Burke, Henry R. Personal Interview. 22 October 1996. Burke, Henry R. E-mail to Author. 18 November 1996.

Psychodynamic approach Essay

P1 – Explain the principle psychological perspectives. M1 – Assess different psychological approaches to study. Sigmund Freud developed an approach which was the first psychological approach that elucidated behaviour. Freud discovered the psychoanalysis, which is a technique for curing mental illness and also a theory which explains human behaviour. Psychoanalysis is recognised as the talking cure. Normally, Freud would inspire his patients to talk freely (on his famous couch) concerning their symptoms and to explain precisely what was on their mind. He also states ‘The iceberg which has 3 levels known as the conscious mind, preconscious and unconscious mind. Freud compared himself to an archaeologist digging away layers of the human mind, and found three discrete parts of the mind. He was the earliest philosophers to get public awareness the concept that we are not conscious of all our features all the time. He proposed that what we are conscious of is represented on our conscious mind but that most of our memories, feelings and mind he named as ‘unconscious’. We don’t have access to the contents of our unconscious, but they occasionally ‘leak out’ in dreams and slips of the tongue. Freud’s first elucidated behaviour by his iceberg analogy. He suggested that the conscious mind was like the tip of an iceberg –merely a small part being accessible to consciousness. Part of the unconscious that we can easily access he named it the preconscious. This can be used in health and social care as health carers can identify what is happening in the client’s conscious mind and identify any faults there might be such as depression and schizophrenia and possibly phobias. Sigmund Freud proposed that we have inborn drives that stimulates our conducts in the form of the mind. These are known as the ego, superego and the id. The id occurs at birth and is the base of our unconscious inclination. It works on the gratification concept to get instant pleasure, so it prevents pain and therefore it is very egocentric. The id is the origin of a supernatural known as Libido. The superego  develops throughout the age of five years and entails principles and values. It is the child’s ego and moral sense which constructs the paragon of what the child wishes to be. Our ego is developed throughout our childhood and it enables the child to learn that getting instant gratification is not always feasible and that a lot of the time pain cannot be prevented The ego operates on the actuality principle because it decides what actions are most convenient and what to avoid from the id. It also tries to balance the requirements of the id and superego with the actualit y of life so we can do what normal individuals do by using the defence mechanisms. Depending on Sigmund our defence mechanisms are used in order to manage unconscious dispute amongst ego, superego and id. These disputes might be unconscious or conscious and the defence mechanisms work in an unconscious manner to wards of any disagreeable feelings and make things better for the person. There are four key defence systems that are used by the ego. An example is displacement. Displacement is when people’s emotional state towards the actual goal cannot be expressed and where accepting faults cause concern and worry that causes moods to be interchanged on to other objects. For instance an individual blaming their parents for their performance as of them not raising them properly instead of blaming their self. Denial is another ego defence mechanism that is where someone cannot accept a specific truth. Individuals might object to believe occurrence or acknowledge emotions as of worry and concern, thus specific awareness is not dealt with. For instance, someone who is unwell might reject to believe this. Repression†¯is another well-known defence mechanism. Repression acts to keep information out of†¯conscious†¯recognition. Though, these memories don’t just vanish; they endure to impact our behaviour. For example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child might later have troubles making relationships. The final ego defence mechanism is regression. This is where people act out behaviours from the†¯stage of psychosexual development†¯in which they are fixated. For instance, someone fixated at an earlier developmental stage may cry or sulk as of hearing dissatisfying news upon. Behaviours related to regression can differ significantly depending  upon which stage the individual is fixated at. Someone fixated at the†¯oral stage†¯may start eating or smoking immoderately or may become verbally violent. A fixation at the†¯anal stage†¯might result in immoderate tidiness or messiness. Sigmund also developed the psychosexual stages of development. He supposed that character is chiefly started throughout the age of five years because early experiences play a great role in the development of character and endure to impact behaviour in the future. He believed that our character develop in stages in which pleasure-seeking drives of the id commence to focus on erogenous places. The driving power behind our performance was elucidated by psychosexual energy known as the libido. Through completing the stages successfully the person can develop a good character. Though, if the stages are not completed appropriately and specific matters at the stage are not sorted out. Then, it results in fixation. Fixation is where there is a continuous focus on an earlier psychosexual stage as of unsorted dispute. The person will continue to be stuck at this stage if the dispute is not resolved. There are five stages to the psychosexual that Freud suggested. The first stage is the oral stage, at this stage the child is 0-1 years of age and the chief source of libido is the mouth. Here the child will relish consuming food along with placing objects into their mouth. The essential impact at this stage is the mother because the child will link the mother and food with love. If they are neglected from food or are fed involuntarily then it may well cause matters in the future. If a child is weaning from liquid to solid foods they need to learn to be patient for food to be cooked instead of having food instantly. The second stage is the anal stage. At this stage the child is one to three years of age and the child will feel a sense of pleasure in the anus. The child will feel gratification from expelling or holding in excrement. The essential effect at this stage is being taught on how to use the toilet. The child will learn when and where they are intended to release excrement which will prevent fixation. Added to that, the child  would be capable to sway their parents by their bowel movements, because their parent’s devotion and approbation depends on whether or not they release excrement when they ask to be able to go to the toilet. Though, being too stern on the child being permitted to toilet training could possibly lead to fixation, also because the child might develop to become anal impetuous. The third stage is the phallic stage where the child is three to five years of age. The key source of libido here is the child’s penis or vagina and pleasure is obtained from masturbation. At this stage the child will encounter Electra complex and associate with their mother if they are female, whereas if the child is a male they will encounter Oedipus complex where he will associate with his father. Through being affected by this information positively, the superego is developed and they include the morals of the self-same sex parent along with association of gender and sex duties. If they do not associate with the self-same sex parent then they will become fixated at this level and this could possibly lead to homosexuality. The fourth stage is the latency period. At this period the child is six years of age. The latent period is a time of investigation in which the sexual drive is still present, but it is directed into other areas like intellectual pursuits and social interactions. They have reached puberty and the key source of gratification is playing with peers of both sexes. During this stage the child is active with playing with their peers that not much befalls in terms of sexuality. If fixation befalls here the child will not feel content with members of the incompatible sex because they grow up and will find it to build heterosexual relationships. This stage is essential in the development of social and communication skills and self-confidence. The final stage is the genital stage which arises from puberty and the key source of libido/gratification here is having sexual intercourse with others. At this stage the persons interests and feelings towards others benefit will develop and they try to create a balance among their discrete lifestyles. If fixation has arose throughout any other stage, it will become  obvious at this psychosexual stage. Though, a different concept was suggested by Erik Erikson which approved with Freud’s theory to a degree. This was Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. He thought like Freud that everyone grows in stages, however these stages endure during our life and rather than having a greater focus on the lust for indulgence we must deem our need to be tolerated also. Erikson suggested eight psychosocial stages of development. Stage one is where the child is aged from zero to one years of age and the focal point is how the infant is raised. If they are raised in the right way, then they will form trust, but if the infant isn’t raised in the right way, then the infant will begin to not trust parents/guardians and their surroundings. Stage two is where the child is aged from one to three years of age and the focal point is being permitted to freedom. If this is done appropriately the child will develop some sort of autonomy. If they are continuously criticised the child will interrogate their own aptitude. Stage three is where the child is three to six years of age and begin to interact with the everyone. If the child is persuaded to endeavour different things and develop different skills and qualities, it will enable them to develop capabilities and self-assurance. However, if the child is continuously criticised and made culpable, then it will cause low confidence. Stage four is where the child is six to twelve years of age and focuses on the knowledge of how things operate. If the child begins to accomplish practical jobs they will form some kind of hard work however, if they are being pressured on specific tasks that they cannot accomplish will cause subservient and make them feel incapable. Stage five is where the person is twelve to eighteen years of age and the main focus at this stage is developing some sort of individuality by experimentation. Through being permitted to do the experiment, the child could then possibly develop a secure identity. However, not experimenting means they do not create a secure identity and causes misperception and negative identity. Stage six is where the person is aged eighteen to forty years of age and will focus on discovering new relationships to lead to long term commitments with each other. By creating these secure and committed relationships the sense of safety and be associated to devotion leads to a sense of love. Though,  through ignoring closeness and having phobia of commitment can cause the person to isolate them-selves and this little amount of love and could cause depression. Stage seven is where the person is aged forty to sixty five and the main focus is creating a career and having a family. Through having a career and giving back to society by parenting children and participating in community services, the person receives a sense of love and care. However, not getting participating with society could possibly cause a feeling of wasting life and being unfruitful. Stage eight is the final stage and here the person is over the age f sixty five. The person’s focal point at this stage is working less actively and intensely and think about their accomplishments during the course of their life. Through, performing this successfully, the person develops the merit of understanding that enables them to look back on their life with a feeling of accomplishment. This way the person is then able to can accept passing deprived of being afraid. Though, if the person has feelings of culpability about their life or has an insufficient achievement which will cause feelings of lead to feelings of desolation and frequently depression and as a result phobia of death. A benefit of the psychodynamic approach is that it is developed in stages. These stages make it easier to examine and give back up due to the fact that the stages are simple and easy to follow and acknowledge, therefore, making it easier to gather support for. On top of this, the stages developed by Erikson have more logic than Freud’s psychosexual stages because they make sense and are easy to acknowledge. This means that it can be easily implemented in health and social care practises. For instance in the counselling and treatment centre the health and social care workers are then able to use their insight of the eight stages of Erikson’s concept to detect why the person is feeling dejected has insufficient autonomy and tried to give most appropriate remedy. Though, some issues can be discovered with the psychodynamic approach. A problem is that the approach doesn’t use scientific methodology which means that it is based on opinions. This makes it hard to depend on the results because they are not a dependable source. This insufficient facts means the  approach is can be proven false. On top of this, a lot of the backing research originates from case studies. Though, these enable us to get in detailed information about one person. They might not be the most convenient when it comes to application to other people because the results can’t be generalised to the overall populace. A well-known case study that has been implement by Freud was the case of Little Hans, which was used as assistance for his psychodynamic approach. Little Hans had a fear of horses because he thought that they would hurt him or cause chaos. Little Han’s dad after being consulted by Freud, interpreted his fear through saying that the horses looked like his dad and that the phobia of being bitten signifies the fact that Little Hans was encountering the Oedipus complex and had a phobia of being castrated by his dad as of his feelings about his mum Little Han’s father and played a role his analyst and interpreted his sexual desires and associated these back to the Oedipus complex. Though, there are numerous factors to the Little Han’s case study that have been neglected. For instance, Little Han’s was more petrified of his mum because she threatened to cut off his penis because he was persistently fiddling with it. Also, after Freud spent some time with Little Han’s his parents split up. This means that Little Han’s phobia might be as of the reason that his parents ended their marriage and not be as of Oedipus complex. On top of this, his mum was also spiteful to her baby daughter, therefore it can possibly be that the ‘row’ he was scared of was the crying of his baby sister. Additionally, Freud analyse Little Han’s fear him-self. It was his dad who used Freud’s instructions in order to cure Little Han’s phobia. This means that, as his dad is not an expert analyst, he didn’t get the ideal remedy and the interpretations made might have possible been wrong, and so leading to inadequate remedies . This case study indicates that there are numerous different factors that Freud didn’t deem which could have been the motive of Little Han’s’ phobia. His phobia might have been better elucidated through operant conditioning. Little Han’s had witnessed a falling horse before, therefore, it might be that he related his fear at that instant with the falling horse and therefore develop the phobia.   However, Freud was capable to gather an adequate amount of data about Little Han’s which helped him in the explanation of his fear. However, his case studies are subject to partiality as most of his case studies focused on middle-class Victorian female, however some of his cases focused on males. This indicates that his results are sex bias and might not be relevant to the opposite sex. Also, his explanation are opinion based which means that they might vary to another psychoanalyst’s explanation. This could possible lead to issues to the welfare of the person who will not get remedies as of dissimilar information they are getting. Another problem with the psychodynamic approach is that the therapies people get entails time and dedication. This means that the client needs to be dedicated in the remedy in order for them to recover. Another therapy like medicine might possibly be quicker, however psychoanalysis has a more long term effect on the person. Where remedies can lead to deterioration, psychoanalysis will alter the client’s perception and lead to long term modifications. This is beneficial for the patient because at the therapy and counselling centre, they will be aware that the dedication and time will be useful, also will identify long term modification after some time.